Peer-Reviewed Publications
*Clark, A. N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (in press). Sexual and affectionate behaviors and satisfaction for adults in romantic relationships: A latent profile analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
*Hanna-Walker, V., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Watson, R. J. (2024). A latent profile analysis of religious parents’ responses to their sexual and gender diverse child. Journal of Homosexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2024.2398552
*Hebert, M. J., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). Sexual behavioral development. E. Neblett & W. Troop-Gordon (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence, (2nd ed., pp. 458-469). Elsevier.
*Clark, A. N., *Walters, T. L., *Hanna-Walker, V., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). “Hugging with masks on”: LGBTQ+ college students’ relationship experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpersona, 8, 40-54.
Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). “They mostly preached abstinence which didn’t work”: Young adults’ perception of sex-related messages from caregivers prior to initiation of sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(8), 3173-3186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02916-3
*Clark, A. N., *Walters, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). “It’s an ongoing discussion about desire”: Adults’ strategies for managing sexual and affectionate desire discrepancies in romantic relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 50, 669-686.
Lawrence, S.E., *Hanna-Walker, V.,& Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). Sexual orientation and gender identity expression, internalized stigma, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of LGBT Youth. Advance online publication.
*Hanna-Walker, V., *Caba, A. E., Simon, K. A., *Renley, B. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Watson, R. J. (2024). Identity outness to family among gender diverse sexual minority youth: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity.
Clark, A. N. (2023). Using Social Exchange Theory to examine relationship processes in asexual-sexual couples. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 15(2), 352-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12495
Clark, A. N., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Zimmerman, C. (2023). Sexual and affectionate behaviors in asexual and allosexual adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 60(2), 242-252.
Clark, A. N., Walters, T. L., Hanna-Walker, V., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). “Hugging with masks on”: LGBTQ+ college students’ relationship experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpersona. Manuscript accepted for publication.
Hanna-Walker, V., Lawrence, S. E., Clark, A. N., Walters, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). “It’s like an elephant in the room with my family”: LGBTQ+ college students’ identity expression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Research. Advance online publication.
Hanna-Walker, V., Walters, T. L., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, sexual motivations, and gender: A three-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(3), 943-956.
Lawrence, S. E., Walters, T. L., Farina, R. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). College students' sexual motives, experiences, and drinking-related protective behavioral strategies. Sexuality & Culture, 27(3), 1081-1097.
Walters, T. L., Hanna-Walker, V., Clark, A. N., Farina, R. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). LGBTQ+ college students’ relationship satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Adulthood. 11(3), 804-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231160305
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Walters, T. L. (2022) Selection and socialization effects of living on versus off campus. Emerging Adulthood, 10(5), 1108-1117.
Vasilenko, S. A., Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2022). Positive, negative or mixed feelings? A person-centered approach to consequences of first penile-vaginal intercourse in college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3993-4006.
Walters, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2022). Does sex improve with experience?: A latent transition analysis of college students’ penile-vaginal sex-related consequences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(3), 461-474.
Zhang, Y., Farina, R. E., Lawrence, S. E., Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., Hanna-Walker, V., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2022). How social support and parent-child relationship quality relate to LGTQ+ college students’ well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(5), 653–660.
Lawrence, S. E., Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., Zhang, Y., Hanna-Walker, V., Farina, R. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2021). LGBTQ+ college students’ engagement in COVID-protective and COVID-risk behaviors. Emerging Adulthood, 9(5), 645-652.
Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2021). Changes in psychological distress after first vaginal intercourse in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 89, 213-216.
Wesche, R., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2021). Short-term consequences of sex: Contextual predictors and change across college. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50, 1613-1626.
Wesche, R., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2020). Normative sexual development and milestones. S. Hupp & J. Jewell (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development. Wiley-Blackwell.
Leavitt, C. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., Aykil, Y., & Serduk, K. (2020). A cross-cultural study of midlife relational and sexual health: Comparing Ukraine to the U.S and Turkey. Sexuality and Culture, 24, 649-670.
Waterman, E. A. & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2020). Does alcohol use in large group contexts mediate the association between sex-related alcohol expectancies and rape? Violence and Victims, 35, 195-209.
Wesche, R., Kreager, D. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2019). Sources of social influence on adolescents’ alcohol use. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 984-1000.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Vasilenko, S. A., Wesche, R., & Maggs, J. L. (2019). Changes in diverse sexual and contraceptive behaviors across college. Journal of Sex Research, 56, 956-976.
Leavitt, C. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Waterman, E. A. (2019). The role of sexual mindfulness in sexual wellbeing, relational wellbeing, and self-esteem. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45, 497-509.
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E S. (2019). Fraternity membership, traditional masculinity ideologies, and impersonal sex: Selection and socialization effects. Psychology of Men and Masculinities, 21, 58-68.
Wesche, R., Kreager, D. A., Feinberg, M. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2019). Peer acceptance and sexual behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 996-1008.
Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Erectile dysfunction. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), The Sage Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development (pp. 766-768). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Wesche, R., & Leavitt, C. E. (2018). Never been kissed: Correlates of lifetime kissing status in U.S. university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1283-1293.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Wesche, R., Picci, G., & Hochgraf, A. K. (2018). Daily associations between kissing and affect during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 779-785.
Vasilenko, S. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Sexual behavior and daily affect in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6, 191-199.
Waterman, E. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Sexuality. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), The Sage Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development (pp. 1984-1988). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Longitudinal correlates of peer sexual communication quality in young adulthood. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15, 421–432.
Wesche, R., Claxton, S. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & van Dulmen, M. H. M. (2018). Evaluations and future plans after casual sexual experiences: Differences across partner type. Journal of Sex Research, 55, 1180-1191.
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., Jones, D. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Long-distance dating relationships, relationship dissolution, and college adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5, 268 - 279.
Waterman, E. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Are mothers’ and fathers’ parenting characteristics associated with emerging adults’ academic engagement? Journal of Family Issues, 38, 1239-1261.
Wesche, R., Kreager, D. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Siennick, S. E. (2017). Early sexual initiation and mental health: A fleeting association or enduring change? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27, 611-627.
Wesche, R., Vasilenko, S. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Latent classes of sexual behaviors: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 100-111.
Kreager, D. A., Staff, J., Gauthier, R., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). The double standard at sexual debut: Gender, sexual behavior and adolescent peer acceptance. Sex Roles, 75, 37-392.
Lam, C. B., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2016). Male role attitudes and self-esteem: A 3-year longitudinal study of heterosexual college students. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 427-435.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Vasilenko, S. A., & Leavitt, C. E. (2016). Oral vs. vaginal sex experiences and consequences among first year college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 329-337.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Waterman, E. A., Morgan, N., & Maggs, J. L. (2016). College students’ perceptions of the links between alcohol use and sex. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 272-283.
Wesche, R., Espinosa-Hernández, G., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2016). Gender’s role in misperceptions of peers’ sexual motives. Sexuality & Culture, 20, 1003-1019.
Maas, M. K., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). Sexual esteem in emerging adulthood: Associations with sexual behavior, contraception use and romantic relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 795-806.
Maas, M. K., Shearer, C. L., Lefkowitz, E. S., & *Gillen, M. M. (2015). Sex rules: Emerging adults’ perceptions of gender’s impact on sexuality. Sexuality and Culture, 19, 617-636.
Patrick, M. E., Maggs, J. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). Daily associations between drinking and sex among college students: A longitudinal measurement burst design. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 377-386.
Vasilenko, S. A., Kreager, D. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). Gender, contraceptive attitudes, and condom use in adolescent romantic relationships: A dyadic approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 51-65.
Vasilenko, S. A., Maas, M. K., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). “It felt good but weird at the same time”: Emerging adults’ first experiences of six different sexual behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Research 30, 586-606.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kelly, K. M., Vasilenko, S. A., & Maggs, J. L. (2014). Correlates of human papillomavirus vaccination among female university students. Women and Health, 54, 487-501.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Shearer, C. L., Gillen, M. M., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2014). How gendered attitudes relate to women’s and men’s sexual behaviors and beliefs. Sexuality & Culture, 18, 833-846. .
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2014). Healthy sex and sexual health: New directions for studying outcomes of sexual health. In E. S. Lefkowitz & S. A. Vasilenko (Eds), New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development: Positive and negative outcomes of sexual behavior, 144 (pp. 87-98). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Vasilenko, S. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2014). Changes in religiosity after first intercourse in the transition to adulthood. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 310-315.
Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Welsh, D. P. (2014). Is sexual behavior healthy for adolescents? A conceptual framework for research on adolescent sexual behavior and physical, mental, and social health. In E. S. Lefkowitz & S. A. Vasilenko (Eds), New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development: Positive and negative outcomes of sexual behavior, 144 (pp. 3-19). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cichy, K. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., Davis, E., & Fingerman, K. (2013). “You are such a disappointment!”: Negative emotions and parents’ perceptions of adult children’s lack of success. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 68, 893-901.
Cichy, K., E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2013). Conflict engagement and conflict disengagement during interactions between adults and their parents.
Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 68, 31-40.
Lam, C. B., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2013). Risky sexual behaviors in emerging adults: Longitudinal changes and within-person variations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 523-532.
Vasilenko, S. A. Duntzee, C., Zheng, Y., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2013). Testing two process models of religiosity and sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 667-673.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2012). Gender and racial/ethnic differences in body image development among college students. Body Image, 9, 126-130.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Patrick, M. Morgan, N., Bezemer, D. H., & Vasilenko, S. A., (2012). State Patty’s Day: College student drinking and local crime increased on a student-constructed holiday. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27, 323-350.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Vukman, S. N., & Loken, E. (2012). Young adults in a wireless world. In A. Booth, S. L. Brown, N. S. Lansdale, W. D. Manning, & S. M. McHale (Eds.), Early adulthood in a family context. New York: Springer.
Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2012). Short-term positive and negative consequences of sex based on daily reports among college students. Journal of Sex Research, 49, 558-569.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011a). The ‘freshman 15’: Trends and predictors in a sample of multiethnic men and women. Eating Behaviors, 12, 261-266.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011b). Body size perceptions in racially/ethnically diverse men and women: Implications for body image and self-esteem. North American Journal of Psychology, 13, 447-467.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Gillen, M. M., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2011). Putting the romance back into sex: Sexuality in romantic relationships. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 213-233). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Patrick, M. E., Morgan, N., Maggs, J. L.,& Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011). “I got your back”: Friends’ understandings regarding college student Spring Break behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 108-120.
Pitzer, L., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011). Development of the Parent Adult Relationship Questionnaire (PARQ). International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72, 111-135.
Vasilenko, S. A., Ram, N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011). Body image and first sexual intercourse in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 327-325.
Stoppa, T. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2010). Religiosity during the transition to college. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 23-38.
Birditt, K. S., Miller, L. M., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Tensions in the parent and adult child relationship: Links to solidarity and ambivalence.
Psychology and Aging, 24, 287-295.
Espinosa-Hernandez, G., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Sexual behaviors and attitudes and ethnic identity during college. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 471-482.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Emerging adults’ perceptions of messages about physical appearance. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 6, 178-195.
Birditt, K. S., Fingerman, K. L., Lefkowitz, E. S. & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2008). Parents perceived as peers: Filial maturity in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 15, 1-12.
Fingerman, K. L., Pitzer, L., Lefkowitz, E. S., Birditt, K. S., & Mroczek, D., & (2008). Ambivalent relationship qualities between adults and their parents: Implications for both parties’ well being. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 63, 362-271.
Hay, E. L., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2008). The worries adult children and their parents experience for one another. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67, 101-127.
Boone, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2007). Mother-adolescent health communication: Are all conversations created equally? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36,
1038-1047.
Cichy, K., E., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2007). Age differences in types of interpersonal tensions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64, 171-193.
Cichy, K., E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2007). Generational differences in gender attitudes between parents and grown offspring. Sex Roles, 57, 825-836.
Hay, E. L., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2007). The experience of worry in parent- adult offspring relationships. Personal Relationships, 14, 605-622.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2007). Sex-related communication with mothers and close friends during the transition to university. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 17-27.
Nadeem, E., Romo, L. F., Sigman, M., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Au, T. K. (2007). The validity of observational measures in detecting optimal maternal communication styles: Evidence from European Americans and Latinos. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 153-168.
Fingerman, K. F., Chen, P. C., Hay, E., Cichy, K. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2006). Ambivalent reactions in the parent and offspring relationship. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 61B, 152-160.
Gillen, M. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., & *Shearer, C. L. (2006). Does body image play a role in risky sexual attitudes and behaviors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35,
243-255.
Gillen, M. G., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2006). Gender role development and body image among male and female first year college students. Sex Roles, 55, 25-37.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Stoppa, T. M. (2006). Positive sexual communication and socialization in the parent-adolescent context. In L. M. Diamond (Ed.), New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, Rethinking positive adolescent female sexual development, 112 (pp. 39-55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Corona, R.A., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M., & Romo, L. F. (2005). Latino adolescents' adjustment, maternal depressive symptoms, and the mother-adolescent relationship. Family Relations, 54, 386-399.
Lefkowitz, E. S. (2005). “Things have gotten better”: Developmental changes among emerging adults after the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 40-63.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Gillen, M. M. (2005). “Sex is just a normal part of life”: Sexuality in emerging adulthood. Arnett, J.J., & Tanner, J.L. (Eds.). Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 235-255). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shearer, C. L., Hosterman, S. J., Gillen, M. M, & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2005). Are traditional gender roles associated with risky sexual behavior and attitudes about condom use? Sex Roles, 52, 311-324.
Boone, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2004). Safer sex and the Health Belief Model: Considering the contributions of peer norms and socialization factors. Journal
of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 16, 51 - 68.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Boone, T. L., & Shearer, C. L. (2004). Communication with best friends about sex-related topics during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 339-351.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Gillen, M. M., Shearer, C. L., & Boone, T. L. (2004). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, and sexual attitudes during emerging adulthood. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 150 – 159.
Boone, T. L., Lefkowitz, E. S., Romo, L. F., Corona, R., Sigman, M., & Au, T. K. (2003). Mothers’ and adolescents perceptions of AIDS vulnerability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 347 – 354.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Boone, T. L., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (2003). No sex or safe sex? Mothers' and adolescents' discussions about abstinence and safer sex. Health
Education Research, 18, 341 – 351.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Positive and negative emotional feelings and behaviors in mother-daughter ties in late life. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 607 - 617.
Lefkowitz, E. S. (2002). Beyond the yes-no question: Measuring parent-child communication about sexual topics. In S. S. Feldman, & D. A. Rosenthal (Eds). New
Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 97, Talking sexuality: Parent-adolescent communication (pp. 43 – 56). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Boone, T. L., Sigman, M. D., & Au, T. K. (2002). He said, she said: Gender differences in self-reported and observed conversations about sexuality. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 217 – 242.
Romo, L. F., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M., Au, T. K. (2002). A longitudinal study of maternal messages about dating and sexuality and their influence on Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 59 – 69.
Romo, L.F., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M.,& Au, T. K. (2001). Determinants of mother-adolescent communication about sex in Latino families. Journal
of Adolescent and Family Health, 2, 72 - 82.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Romo. L. F., Corona, R., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (2000). How Latino American and European American adolescents discuss conflicts, sexuality, and AIDS with their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 36, 315-325.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M. D. & Au, T. K. (2000). Helping mothers discuss sexuality and AIDS with adolescents. Child Development, 71, 1383-1394.
Frost, A. K., Reinherz, H. Z., Pakiz-Camras, B., Giaconia, R. M, & Lefkowitz, E. S. (1999). Risk factors for depressive symptoms in late adolescence: A longitudinal community study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 370-381.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kahlbaugh, P., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (1998). A longitudinal study of AIDS conversations between mothers and adolescents. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 351-365.
Kahlbaugh, P., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M., & Valdez, P. (1997). The affective nature of mother-adolescent communication concerning sexuality and conflict. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 221-239.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kahlbaugh, P., & Sigman, M. D. (1996). Turn-taking in mother-adolescent conversations about sexuality and conflict. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 307-321.
Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., Pakiz, B. & Frost, A. K. (1993). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 369-377.
Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Pakiz, B., Silverman, A. B., Frost, A. K., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (1993). Psychosocial risks for major depression in late adolescence: A longitudinal community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1155-1162.*Hanna-Walker, V., *Walters, T. L., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, sexual motivations, and gender: A three year longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(3), 943-956.
*Hanna-Walker, V., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Watson, R. J. (2024). A latent profile analysis of religious parents’ responses to their sexual and gender diverse child. Journal of Homosexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2024.2398552
*Hebert, M. J., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). Sexual behavioral development. E. Neblett & W. Troop-Gordon (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence, (2nd ed., pp. 458-469). Elsevier.
*Clark, A. N., *Walters, T. L., *Hanna-Walker, V., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). “Hugging with masks on”: LGBTQ+ college students’ relationship experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpersona, 8, 40-54.
Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). “They mostly preached abstinence which didn’t work”: Young adults’ perception of sex-related messages from caregivers prior to initiation of sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(8), 3173-3186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02916-3
*Clark, A. N., *Walters, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). “It’s an ongoing discussion about desire”: Adults’ strategies for managing sexual and affectionate desire discrepancies in romantic relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 50, 669-686.
Lawrence, S.E., *Hanna-Walker, V.,& Lefkowitz, E. S. (2024). Sexual orientation and gender identity expression, internalized stigma, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of LGBT Youth. Advance online publication.
*Hanna-Walker, V., *Caba, A. E., Simon, K. A., *Renley, B. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Watson, R. J. (2024). Identity outness to family among gender diverse sexual minority youth: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity.
Clark, A. N. (2023). Using Social Exchange Theory to examine relationship processes in asexual-sexual couples. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 15(2), 352-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12495
Clark, A. N., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Zimmerman, C. (2023). Sexual and affectionate behaviors in asexual and allosexual adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 60(2), 242-252.
Clark, A. N., Walters, T. L., Hanna-Walker, V., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). “Hugging with masks on”: LGBTQ+ college students’ relationship experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpersona. Manuscript accepted for publication.
Hanna-Walker, V., Lawrence, S. E., Clark, A. N., Walters, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). “It’s like an elephant in the room with my family”: LGBTQ+ college students’ identity expression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Research. Advance online publication.
Hanna-Walker, V., Walters, T. L., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, sexual motivations, and gender: A three-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(3), 943-956.
Lawrence, S. E., Walters, T. L., Farina, R. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). College students' sexual motives, experiences, and drinking-related protective behavioral strategies. Sexuality & Culture, 27(3), 1081-1097.
Walters, T. L., Hanna-Walker, V., Clark, A. N., Farina, R. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). LGBTQ+ college students’ relationship satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Adulthood. 11(3), 804-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231160305
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Walters, T. L. (2022) Selection and socialization effects of living on versus off campus. Emerging Adulthood, 10(5), 1108-1117.
Vasilenko, S. A., Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2022). Positive, negative or mixed feelings? A person-centered approach to consequences of first penile-vaginal intercourse in college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 3993-4006.
Walters, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2022). Does sex improve with experience?: A latent transition analysis of college students’ penile-vaginal sex-related consequences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(3), 461-474.
Zhang, Y., Farina, R. E., Lawrence, S. E., Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., Hanna-Walker, V., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2022). How social support and parent-child relationship quality relate to LGTQ+ college students’ well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(5), 653–660.
Lawrence, S. E., Walters, T. L., Clark, A. N., Zhang, Y., Hanna-Walker, V., Farina, R. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2021). LGBTQ+ college students’ engagement in COVID-protective and COVID-risk behaviors. Emerging Adulthood, 9(5), 645-652.
Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2021). Changes in psychological distress after first vaginal intercourse in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 89, 213-216.
Wesche, R., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2021). Short-term consequences of sex: Contextual predictors and change across college. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50, 1613-1626.
Wesche, R., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2020). Normative sexual development and milestones. S. Hupp & J. Jewell (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development. Wiley-Blackwell.
Leavitt, C. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., Aykil, Y., & Serduk, K. (2020). A cross-cultural study of midlife relational and sexual health: Comparing Ukraine to the U.S and Turkey. Sexuality and Culture, 24, 649-670.
Waterman, E. A. & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2020). Does alcohol use in large group contexts mediate the association between sex-related alcohol expectancies and rape? Violence and Victims, 35, 195-209.
Wesche, R., Kreager, D. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2019). Sources of social influence on adolescents’ alcohol use. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 984-1000.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Vasilenko, S. A., Wesche, R., & Maggs, J. L. (2019). Changes in diverse sexual and contraceptive behaviors across college. Journal of Sex Research, 56, 956-976.
Leavitt, C. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Waterman, E. A. (2019). The role of sexual mindfulness in sexual wellbeing, relational wellbeing, and self-esteem. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45, 497-509.
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E S. (2019). Fraternity membership, traditional masculinity ideologies, and impersonal sex: Selection and socialization effects. Psychology of Men and Masculinities, 21, 58-68.
Wesche, R., Kreager, D. A., Feinberg, M. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2019). Peer acceptance and sexual behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 996-1008.
Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Erectile dysfunction. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), The Sage Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development (pp. 766-768). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Wesche, R., & Leavitt, C. E. (2018). Never been kissed: Correlates of lifetime kissing status in U.S. university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1283-1293.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Wesche, R., Picci, G., & Hochgraf, A. K. (2018). Daily associations between kissing and affect during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 779-785.
Vasilenko, S. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Sexual behavior and daily affect in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6, 191-199.
Waterman, E. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Sexuality. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), The Sage Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development (pp. 1984-1988). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2018). Longitudinal correlates of peer sexual communication quality in young adulthood. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15, 421–432.
Wesche, R., Claxton, S. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & van Dulmen, M. H. M. (2018). Evaluations and future plans after casual sexual experiences: Differences across partner type. Journal of Sex Research, 55, 1180-1191.
Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., Jones, D. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Long-distance dating relationships, relationship dissolution, and college adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5, 268 - 279.
Waterman, E. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Are mothers’ and fathers’ parenting characteristics associated with emerging adults’ academic engagement? Journal of Family Issues, 38, 1239-1261.
Wesche, R., Kreager, D. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Siennick, S. E. (2017). Early sexual initiation and mental health: A fleeting association or enduring change? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27, 611-627.
Wesche, R., Vasilenko, S. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2017). Latent classes of sexual behaviors: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 100-111.
Kreager, D. A., Staff, J., Gauthier, R., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). The double standard at sexual debut: Gender, sexual behavior and adolescent peer acceptance. Sex Roles, 75, 37-392.
Lam, C. B., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2016). Male role attitudes and self-esteem: A 3-year longitudinal study of heterosexual college students. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 427-435.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Vasilenko, S. A., & Leavitt, C. E. (2016). Oral vs. vaginal sex experiences and consequences among first year college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 329-337.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Waterman, E. A., Morgan, N., & Maggs, J. L. (2016). College students’ perceptions of the links between alcohol use and sex. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 272-283.
Wesche, R., Espinosa-Hernández, G., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2016). Gender’s role in misperceptions of peers’ sexual motives. Sexuality & Culture, 20, 1003-1019.
Maas, M. K., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). Sexual esteem in emerging adulthood: Associations with sexual behavior, contraception use and romantic relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 795-806.
Maas, M. K., Shearer, C. L., Lefkowitz, E. S., & *Gillen, M. M. (2015). Sex rules: Emerging adults’ perceptions of gender’s impact on sexuality. Sexuality and Culture, 19, 617-636.
Patrick, M. E., Maggs, J. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). Daily associations between drinking and sex among college students: A longitudinal measurement burst design. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 377-386.
Vasilenko, S. A., Kreager, D. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). Gender, contraceptive attitudes, and condom use in adolescent romantic relationships: A dyadic approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 51-65.
Vasilenko, S. A., Maas, M. K., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2015). “It felt good but weird at the same time”: Emerging adults’ first experiences of six different sexual behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Research 30, 586-606.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kelly, K. M., Vasilenko, S. A., & Maggs, J. L. (2014). Correlates of human papillomavirus vaccination among female university students. Women and Health, 54, 487-501.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Shearer, C. L., Gillen, M. M., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2014). How gendered attitudes relate to women’s and men’s sexual behaviors and beliefs. Sexuality & Culture, 18, 833-846. .
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2014). Healthy sex and sexual health: New directions for studying outcomes of sexual health. In E. S. Lefkowitz & S. A. Vasilenko (Eds), New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development: Positive and negative outcomes of sexual behavior, 144 (pp. 87-98). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Vasilenko, S. A., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2014). Changes in religiosity after first intercourse in the transition to adulthood. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 310-315.
Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Welsh, D. P. (2014). Is sexual behavior healthy for adolescents? A conceptual framework for research on adolescent sexual behavior and physical, mental, and social health. In E. S. Lefkowitz & S. A. Vasilenko (Eds), New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development: Positive and negative outcomes of sexual behavior, 144 (pp. 3-19). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cichy, K. E., Lefkowitz, E. S., Davis, E., & Fingerman, K. (2013). “You are such a disappointment!”: Negative emotions and parents’ perceptions of adult children’s lack of success. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 68, 893-901.
Cichy, K., E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2013). Conflict engagement and conflict disengagement during interactions between adults and their parents.
Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 68, 31-40.
Lam, C. B., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2013). Risky sexual behaviors in emerging adults: Longitudinal changes and within-person variations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 523-532.
Vasilenko, S. A. Duntzee, C., Zheng, Y., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2013). Testing two process models of religiosity and sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 667-673.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2012). Gender and racial/ethnic differences in body image development among college students. Body Image, 9, 126-130.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Patrick, M. Morgan, N., Bezemer, D. H., & Vasilenko, S. A., (2012). State Patty’s Day: College student drinking and local crime increased on a student-constructed holiday. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27, 323-350.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Vukman, S. N., & Loken, E. (2012). Young adults in a wireless world. In A. Booth, S. L. Brown, N. S. Lansdale, W. D. Manning, & S. M. McHale (Eds.), Early adulthood in a family context. New York: Springer.
Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2012). Short-term positive and negative consequences of sex based on daily reports among college students. Journal of Sex Research, 49, 558-569.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011a). The ‘freshman 15’: Trends and predictors in a sample of multiethnic men and women. Eating Behaviors, 12, 261-266.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011b). Body size perceptions in racially/ethnically diverse men and women: Implications for body image and self-esteem. North American Journal of Psychology, 13, 447-467.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Gillen, M. M., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2011). Putting the romance back into sex: Sexuality in romantic relationships. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 213-233). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Patrick, M. E., Morgan, N., Maggs, J. L.,& Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011). “I got your back”: Friends’ understandings regarding college student Spring Break behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 108-120.
Pitzer, L., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011). Development of the Parent Adult Relationship Questionnaire (PARQ). International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72, 111-135.
Vasilenko, S. A., Ram, N., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011). Body image and first sexual intercourse in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 327-325.
Stoppa, T. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2010). Religiosity during the transition to college. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 23-38.
Birditt, K. S., Miller, L. M., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Tensions in the parent and adult child relationship: Links to solidarity and ambivalence.
Psychology and Aging, 24, 287-295.
Espinosa-Hernandez, G., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Sexual behaviors and attitudes and ethnic identity during college. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 471-482.
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Emerging adults’ perceptions of messages about physical appearance. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 6, 178-195.
Birditt, K. S., Fingerman, K. L., Lefkowitz, E. S. & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2008). Parents perceived as peers: Filial maturity in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 15, 1-12.
Fingerman, K. L., Pitzer, L., Lefkowitz, E. S., Birditt, K. S., & Mroczek, D., & (2008). Ambivalent relationship qualities between adults and their parents: Implications for both parties’ well being. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 63, 362-271.
Hay, E. L., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2008). The worries adult children and their parents experience for one another. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67, 101-127.
Boone, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2007). Mother-adolescent health communication: Are all conversations created equally? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36,
1038-1047.
Cichy, K., E., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2007). Age differences in types of interpersonal tensions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64, 171-193.
Cichy, K., E., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2007). Generational differences in gender attitudes between parents and grown offspring. Sex Roles, 57, 825-836.
Hay, E. L., Fingerman, K. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2007). The experience of worry in parent- adult offspring relationships. Personal Relationships, 14, 605-622.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2007). Sex-related communication with mothers and close friends during the transition to university. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 17-27.
Nadeem, E., Romo, L. F., Sigman, M., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Au, T. K. (2007). The validity of observational measures in detecting optimal maternal communication styles: Evidence from European Americans and Latinos. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 153-168.
Fingerman, K. F., Chen, P. C., Hay, E., Cichy, K. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2006). Ambivalent reactions in the parent and offspring relationship. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 61B, 152-160.
Gillen, M. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., & *Shearer, C. L. (2006). Does body image play a role in risky sexual attitudes and behaviors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35,
243-255.
Gillen, M. G., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2006). Gender role development and body image among male and female first year college students. Sex Roles, 55, 25-37.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Stoppa, T. M. (2006). Positive sexual communication and socialization in the parent-adolescent context. In L. M. Diamond (Ed.), New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, Rethinking positive adolescent female sexual development, 112 (pp. 39-55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Corona, R.A., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M., & Romo, L. F. (2005). Latino adolescents' adjustment, maternal depressive symptoms, and the mother-adolescent relationship. Family Relations, 54, 386-399.
Lefkowitz, E. S. (2005). “Things have gotten better”: Developmental changes among emerging adults after the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 40-63.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Gillen, M. M. (2005). “Sex is just a normal part of life”: Sexuality in emerging adulthood. Arnett, J.J., & Tanner, J.L. (Eds.). Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 235-255). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shearer, C. L., Hosterman, S. J., Gillen, M. M, & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2005). Are traditional gender roles associated with risky sexual behavior and attitudes about condom use? Sex Roles, 52, 311-324.
Boone, T. L., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2004). Safer sex and the Health Belief Model: Considering the contributions of peer norms and socialization factors. Journal
of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 16, 51 - 68.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Boone, T. L., & Shearer, C. L. (2004). Communication with best friends about sex-related topics during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 339-351.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Gillen, M. M., Shearer, C. L., & Boone, T. L. (2004). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, and sexual attitudes during emerging adulthood. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 150 – 159.
Boone, T. L., Lefkowitz, E. S., Romo, L. F., Corona, R., Sigman, M., & Au, T. K. (2003). Mothers’ and adolescents perceptions of AIDS vulnerability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 347 – 354.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Boone, T. L., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (2003). No sex or safe sex? Mothers' and adolescents' discussions about abstinence and safer sex. Health
Education Research, 18, 341 – 351.
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Positive and negative emotional feelings and behaviors in mother-daughter ties in late life. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 607 - 617.
Lefkowitz, E. S. (2002). Beyond the yes-no question: Measuring parent-child communication about sexual topics. In S. S. Feldman, & D. A. Rosenthal (Eds). New
Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 97, Talking sexuality: Parent-adolescent communication (pp. 43 – 56). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Boone, T. L., Sigman, M. D., & Au, T. K. (2002). He said, she said: Gender differences in self-reported and observed conversations about sexuality. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 217 – 242.
Romo, L. F., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M., Au, T. K. (2002). A longitudinal study of maternal messages about dating and sexuality and their influence on Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 59 – 69.
Romo, L.F., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M.,& Au, T. K. (2001). Determinants of mother-adolescent communication about sex in Latino families. Journal
of Adolescent and Family Health, 2, 72 - 82.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Romo. L. F., Corona, R., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (2000). How Latino American and European American adolescents discuss conflicts, sexuality, and AIDS with their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 36, 315-325.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M. D. & Au, T. K. (2000). Helping mothers discuss sexuality and AIDS with adolescents. Child Development, 71, 1383-1394.
Frost, A. K., Reinherz, H. Z., Pakiz-Camras, B., Giaconia, R. M, & Lefkowitz, E. S. (1999). Risk factors for depressive symptoms in late adolescence: A longitudinal community study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 370-381.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kahlbaugh, P., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (1998). A longitudinal study of AIDS conversations between mothers and adolescents. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 351-365.
Kahlbaugh, P., Lefkowitz, E. S., Sigman, M., & Valdez, P. (1997). The affective nature of mother-adolescent communication concerning sexuality and conflict. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 221-239.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kahlbaugh, P., & Sigman, M. D. (1996). Turn-taking in mother-adolescent conversations about sexuality and conflict. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 307-321.
Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., Pakiz, B. & Frost, A. K. (1993). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 369-377.
Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Pakiz, B., Silverman, A. B., Frost, A. K., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (1993). Psychosocial risks for major depression in late adolescence: A longitudinal community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1155-1162.*Hanna-Walker, V., *Walters, T. L., Wesche, R., Leavitt, C. E., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2023). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, sexual motivations, and gender: A three year longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(3), 943-956.